Sawun Carbon alama ce da ke auna tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan muhalli. Manufar "sawun carbon" ya samo asali ne daga "sawun muhalli", akasari ana bayyana shi da CO2 daidai (CO2eq), wanda ke wakiltar jimillar hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da ake fitarwa yayin samarwa da ayyukan amfani da ɗan adam.
Sawun carbon shine amfani da Kima Rayuwar Rayuwa (LCA) don tantance fitar da iskar gas kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ta wani abu na bincike yayin hawan rayuwarsa. Don abu ɗaya, wahala da iyakokin lissafin sawun carbon sun fi iskar carbon girma, kuma sakamakon lissafin ya ƙunshi bayanai game da hayaƙin carbon.
Tare da karuwar tsananin sauyin yanayi na duniya da batutuwan muhalli, lissafin sawun carbon ya zama mahimmanci musamman. Ba wai kawai zai iya taimaka mana mu fahimci tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam kan muhalli daidai ba, har ma da samar da tushen kimiyya don tsara dabarun rage hayaƙi da haɓaka canjin kore da ƙarancin carbon.
Dukkanin yanayin rayuwar bamboo, daga girma da haɓakawa, girbi, sarrafawa da masana'antu, amfani da samfur don zubarwa, shine cikakken tsari na sake zagayowar carbon, gami da gandun daji na bamboo, samar da samfuran bamboo da amfani, da sawun carbon bayan zubarwa.
Wannan rahoton bincike yana ƙoƙarin gabatar da ƙimar dashen bamboo na gandun daji da ci gaban masana'antu don daidaita yanayin yanayi ta hanyar nazarin sawun carbon da ilimin lakabi na carbon, da kuma ƙungiyar samfuran bamboo da ke akwai na binciken sawun carbon.
1. Carbon sawun lissafin kudi
① Ra'ayi: Dangane da ma'anar Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Tsarin Mulki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin yanayi, sawun carbon yana nufin adadin carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas da aka saki yayin ayyukan ɗan adam ko kuma ana fitarwa gabaɗaya cikin tsawon rayuwar samfura/sabis.
Tambarin Carbon “bayani ne na” sawun carbon sawun “, wanda alama ce ta dijital da ke nuna cikakken yanayin fitar da iskar gas na rayuwa na samfur daga albarkatun ƙasa zuwa sharar sake amfani da shi, yana ba masu amfani da bayanai game da fitar da iskar carbon a cikin hanyar lakabi.
Ƙimar zagayowar rayuwa (LCA) sabuwar hanyar tantance tasirin muhalli ce wacce aka haɓaka a cikin ƙasashen Yamma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma har yanzu tana cikin ci gaba da bincike da haɓakawa. Matsakaicin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun sawun carbon na samfur shine hanyar LCA, wacce ake ɗaukar mafi kyawun zaɓi don haɓaka sahihanci da dacewar lissafin sawun carbon.
LCA ta farko ta gano da ƙididdige yawan amfani da makamashi da kayan aiki, da kuma sakewar muhalli a duk tsawon rayuwar rayuwa, sannan ta kimanta tasirin waɗannan amfani da sakewa akan muhalli, kuma a ƙarshe ya gano da kimanta damar da za a rage waɗannan tasirin. Matsayin ISO 14040, wanda aka bayar a cikin 2006, ya raba "matakan kimar rayuwar rayuwa" zuwa matakai hudu: ƙaddarar manufa da iyaka, ƙididdigar ƙima, ƙimar tasiri, da fassarar.
② Ka'idoji da Hanyoyi:
Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don ƙididdige sawun carbon a halin yanzu.
A kasar Sin, ana iya raba hanyoyin lissafin kudi zuwa nau'i uku bisa ga saitunan iyakokin tsarin da ka'idodin ƙira: Ƙimar Tsarin Rayuwa (PLCA), Ƙididdigar Zagayowar Rayuwa (I-OLCA), da Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment (HLCA). A halin yanzu, akwai ƙarancin ƙa'idodin ƙasa ɗaya don lissafin sawun carbon a cikin Sin.
A cikin ƙasashen duniya, akwai manyan ƙa'idodi na ƙasa da ƙasa guda uku a matakin samfur: "PAS 2050: 2011 Ƙayyadaddun Ƙididdiga na Ƙimar Gas na Greenhouse a lokacin Tsarin Rayuwa da Sabis" (BSI., 2011), "GHGP Protocol" (WRI, WBCSD, 2011), da "ISO 14067: 2018 Gases Greenhouse - Samfuran Sawun Carbon - Bukatun ƙididdigewa da jagororin" (ISO, 2018).
Dangane da ka'idar sake zagayowar rayuwa, PAS2050 da ISO14067 a halin yanzu an kafa ma'auni don kimanta sawun carbon na samfur tare da takamaiman hanyoyin lissafin jama'a, duka biyun sun haɗa da hanyoyin kimantawa guda biyu: Kasuwanci zuwa Abokin ciniki (B2C) da Kasuwanci zuwa Kasuwanci (B2B).
Abubuwan kimantawa na B2C sun haɗa da albarkatun ƙasa, samarwa da sarrafawa, rarrabawa da siyarwa, amfani da mabukaci, zubar da ƙarshe ko sake yin amfani da su, wato, “daga shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kabari”. Abubuwan da ke cikin kimantawa na B2B sun haɗa da albarkatun ƙasa, samarwa da sarrafawa, da jigilar kayayyaki zuwa 'yan kasuwa na ƙasa, wato, "daga shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kofa".
Tsarin takaddun sawun carbon sawun samfurin PAS2050 ya ƙunshi matakai uku: matakin farawa, matakin lissafin sawun carbon, da matakai na gaba. Tsarin lissafin sawun carbon na samfurin ISO14067 ya haɗa da matakai biyar: ayyana samfurin da aka yi niyya, ƙayyadaddun iyakokin tsarin lissafin kuɗi, ayyana iyakar lokacin lissafin, keɓe hanyoyin fitar da iska a cikin iyakokin tsarin, da ƙididdige sawun carbon samfurin.
③ Ma'ana
Ta hanyar lissafin sawun carbon, za mu iya gano manyan ɓangarori da yankuna, da ɗaukar matakan da suka dace don rage hayaƙi. Ƙididdiga sawun carbon kuma zai iya jagorance mu don samar da ƙananan ƙarancin carbon da tsarin amfani.
Lakabi na carbon wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci ta bayyanar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi a cikin yanayin samarwa ko tsarin rayuwa, da kuma taga ga masu zuba jari, hukumomin gwamnati, da jama'a don fahimtar hayaki mai gurbata yanayi na masana'antar. Alamar carbon, a matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar bayyana bayanan carbon, ƙarin ƙasashe sun sami karbuwa sosai.
Alamar carbon na samfuran noma shine takamaiman aikace-aikacen alamar carbon akan samfuran noma. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan samfuran, ƙaddamar da alamun carbon a cikin kayan aikin gona ya fi gaggawa. Da fari dai, noma muhimmin tushe ne na fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da kuma mafi girma tushen iskar gas da ba carbon dioxide ba. Abu na biyu, idan aka kwatanta da bangaren masana'antu, bayyana bayanan alamar carbon a cikin tsarin samar da noma bai riga ya cika ba, wanda ke iyakance wadatar yanayin aikace-aikacen. Na uku, masu amfani suna samun wahalar samun ingantaccen bayani kan sawun carbon na samfuran akan ƙarshen mabukaci. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, jerin bincike sun nuna cewa takamaiman ƙungiyoyin mabukaci suna shirye su biya don samfuran ƙarancin carbon, kuma alamar carbon na iya daidaita daidaitaccen daidaiton bayanai tsakanin masu samarwa da masu siye, yana taimakawa haɓaka haɓaka kasuwa.
2. Sarkar masana'antar bamboo
① Asalin halin da ake ciki na sarkar masana'antar bamboo
Sarkar sarrafa bamboo a kasar Sin an raba shi zuwa sama, tsaka-tsaki, da kasa. Upstream shi ne albarkatun kasa da tsantsa daga sassa daban-daban na bamboo, ciki har da ganyen bamboo, furannin gora, harbe-harben bamboo, zaren bamboo, da sauransu. Matsakaicin ya ƙunshi dubban nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan gini kamar kayan gini na bamboo, samfuran gora, harbe-harbe da abinci, yin takarda bamboo, da sauransu; Aikace-aikacen kayan bamboo a ƙasa sun haɗa da yin takarda, yin kayan daki, kayan magani, yawon shakatawa na al'adun bamboo, da sauransu.
Albarkatun bamboo sune tushen ci gaban masana'antar bamboo. Dangane da amfani da su, ana iya raba bamboo zuwa bamboo don katako, bamboo don harbe-harbe, bamboo don ɓangaren litattafan almara, bamboo don adon lambu. Daga yanayin albarkatun dajin bamboo, yawan gandun daji na bamboo shine kashi 36%, sannan harbe-harbe na bamboo da gandun gora mai amfani da katako biyu, dajin bamboo na kare muhalli, dajin bamboo na ɓangaren litattafan almara, wanda ya kai 24%, 19%, da 14% bi da bi. Harbin bamboo da gandun daji na bamboo na ban mamaki suna da ƙananan ɗimbin yawa. Kasar Sin tana da yawan albarkatun bamboo, tare da nau'ikan 837 da fitowar shekara-shekara na tan miliyan 150 na bamboo.
Bamboo shine nau'in bamboo mafi mahimmanci na kasar Sin. A halin yanzu, bamboo shine babban kayan da ake amfani da shi don sarrafa kayan aikin bamboo, sabbin kasuwannin harba bamboo, da kayayyakin sarrafa bamboo a kasar Sin. A nan gaba, bamboo zai kasance babban jigon noman albarkatun bamboo a kasar Sin. A halin yanzu, nau'ikan manyan nau'ikan sarrafa bamboo iri guda goma da ake amfani da su a kasar Sin sun hada da allunan wucin gadi na gora, shimfidar bamboo, harbe-harben bamboo, kayan bamboo da yin takarda, kayayyakin fiber bamboo, kayan bamboo, kayayyakin yau da kullun da kayan aikin hannu, gawayi na gora da vinegar vinegar. , Bamboo da abubuwan sha, kayayyakin tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin dazuzzukan gora, da yawon shakatawa na bamboo da kula da lafiya. Daga cikinsu, allunan wucin gadi na bamboo da kayan aikin injiniya sune ginshiƙan masana'antar bamboo ta kasar Sin.
Yadda ake haɓaka sarkar masana'antar bamboo ƙarƙashin maƙasudin carbon dual
Manufar "dual carbon" na nufin cewa, kasar Sin tana kokarin cimma kololuwar iskar carbon kafin shekarar 2030 da kuma rashin tsaka mai wuya kafin shekarar 2060. A halin yanzu, kasar Sin ta kara yawan bukatunta na fitar da iskar Carbon a masana'antu da dama, kuma ta yi nazari sosai kan masana'antu kore, da karancin carbon, da inganta tattalin arziki. Baya ga fa'idodin muhallinta, masana'antar bamboo kuma tana buƙatar bincika yuwuwar ta a matsayin nitsewar carbon da shiga kasuwar kasuwancin carbon.
(1) Dajin bamboo yana da nau'ikan albarkatun nutsewar carbon:
Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a kasar Sin a halin yanzu, yankin dazuzzukan bamboo ya karu sosai a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Daga kadada miliyan 2.4539 a shekarun 1950 da 1960 zuwa kadada miliyan 4.8426 a farkon karni na 21 (ban da bayanai daga Taiwan), karuwa a duk shekara da kashi 97.34%. Kuma adadin dazuzzukan bamboo a yankin dajin kasar ya karu daga kashi 2.87% zuwa kashi 2.96%. Albarkatun gandun dajin bamboo ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na albarkatun gandun daji na kasar Sin. Bisa kididdigar kididdigar dazuzzukan kasar karo na 6, daga cikin kadada miliyan 4.8426 na dazuzzukan gora a kasar Sin, akwai kadada miliyan 3.372 na bamboo, wanda ke da tsiro kusan biliyan 7.5, wanda ya kai kashi 70% na gandun dajin bamboo na kasar.
(2) Amfanin kwayoyin dajin bamboo:
① Bamboo yana da ɗan gajeren zagaye na ci gaba, haɓakar haɓaka mai ƙarfi, kuma yana da halayen haɓakar haɓakawa da girbi na shekara-shekara. Yana da ƙimar amfani mai yawa kuma ba ya da matsaloli kamar zaizayar ƙasa bayan kammala aikin katako da lalata ƙasa bayan ci gaba da dasa. Yana da babban yuwuwar haɓakar carbon. Bayanai sun nuna cewa, adadin iskar carbon da ke cikin dajin bamboo na shekara-shekara ya kai 5.097t/hm2 (ban da yawan sharar da ake nomawa a kowace shekara), wanda ya ninka na fir na kasar Sin mai saurin girma da sauri sau 1.46.
② Gandun daji na bamboo suna da yanayin girma mai sauƙi, nau'ikan girma iri-iri, rarrabuwar kawuna, da ci gaba da canjin yanki. Suna da babban yanki na rarraba yanki da kewayo, wanda aka rarraba a larduna da birane 17, wanda ya fi mayar da hankali a Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, da Zhejiang. Za su iya dacewa da saurin ci gaba da girma a yankuna daban-daban, suna samar da hadaddun tsarin tsarin sararin samaniya na carbon da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa masu ƙarfi na tushen carbon.
(3) Sharuɗɗan ciniki na siyar da gandun dajin bamboo sun girma:
① Masana'antar sake yin amfani da bamboo ta cika
Masana'antar bamboo ta mamaye masana'antun firamare, sakandare, da manyan makarantu, inda darajar kayayyakin da suke fitarwa ya karu daga yuan biliyan 82 a shekarar 2010 zuwa yuan biliyan 415.3 a shekarar 2022, tare da matsakaicin karuwar karuwar shekara-shekara sama da kashi 30%. Ana sa ran nan da shekara ta 2035, yawan kayan da ake fitarwa na masana'antar bamboo zai wuce yuan tiriliyan 1. A halin da ake ciki yanzu, an gudanar da wani sabon salon kirkire-kirkire na masana'antar bamboo a gundumar Anji da ke lardin Zhejiang na kasar Sin, inda aka mai da hankali kan tsarin hada kan hada-hadar noma guda biyu daga yanayi da tattalin arziki zuwa dunkulewar juna.
② Tallafin siyasa masu alaƙa
Bayan da aka ba da shawarar hadafin carbon guda biyu, kasar Sin ta fitar da manufofi da ra'ayoyi da yawa don jagorantar masana'antu gaba daya a cikin sarrafa tsaka tsaki na carbon. A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2021, sassa goma da suka hada da hukumar kula da gandun daji da ciyawa ta Jiha, Hukumar Raya Kasa da Gyara ta Kasa, da Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha sun ba da "Ra'ayoyin Sassan Goma kan Hakkar Samar da Ci gaban Masana'antar Bamboo". A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Hukumar Bunkasa Cigaban Kasa da Gyara ta Kasa tare da sauran sassan sun fitar da wani shiri na “Tsarin Ayyuka na Shekara Uku don Sauya Ci gaban ‘Maye gurbin Filastik da Bamboo’”. Bugu da kari, an gabatar da ra'ayoyin inganta ci gaban masana'antar bamboo a wasu larduna kamar Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi da sauransu. .
3. Yadda za a lissafta da carbon sawun na bamboo masana'antu sarkar?
① Ci gaban bincike akan sawun carbon na samfuran bamboo
A halin yanzu, akwai ɗan ƙaramin bincike kan sawun carbon na kayan bamboo a cikin gida da na waje. Dangane da binciken da ake yi, canjin carbon na ƙarshe da ƙarfin ajiyar bamboo ya bambanta a ƙarƙashin hanyoyin amfani daban-daban kamar buɗewa, haɗawa, da sake haɗawa, yana haifar da tasiri daban-daban akan sawun carbon na ƙarshe na samfuran bamboo.
② Tsarin zagayowar carbon na samfuran bamboo a duk tsawon rayuwarsu
Dukkanin yanayin rayuwa na samfuran bamboo, daga haɓakar bamboo da haɓakawa (photosynthesis), noma da sarrafawa, girbi, adana albarkatun ƙasa, sarrafa samfur da amfani, zuwa ɓarnawar ɓarna (bazuwar), an kammala. Zagayowar carbon na samfuran bamboo a duk tsawon rayuwarsu ya haɗa da manyan matakai guda biyar: noman bamboo (dasa shuki, gudanarwa, da aiki), samar da albarkatun ƙasa (tarin, sufuri, da adana bamboo ko harbe-harbe na bamboo), sarrafa samfura da amfani (tsari iri-iri yayin aiwatarwa). sarrafawa), tallace-tallace, amfani, da zubarwa (bazuwar), wanda ya haɗa da gyaran carbon, tarawa, ajiya, ƙaddamarwa, da kuma iskar carbon kai tsaye ko kai tsaye a kowane mataki (duba Hoto 3).
Ana iya ɗaukar tsarin noman gandun daji na bamboo a matsayin hanyar haɗin gwiwa na "tarawar carbon da adanawa", wanda ya haɗa da iskar carbon kai tsaye ko kai tsaye daga shuka, gudanarwa, da ayyukan aiki.
Samar da albarkatun kasa shine hanyar haɗin kai ta carbon da ke haɗa masana'antar gandun daji da masana'antar sarrafa kayan bamboo, sannan kuma ya haɗa da hayaƙin carbon kai tsaye ko kaikaice yayin girbi, sarrafa farko, sufuri, da adana bamboo ko harbe-harbe na bamboo.
Sarrafa samfura da amfani da shi shine tsarin keɓewar carbon, wanda ya haɗa da daidaitawar carbon na dogon lokaci a cikin samfuran, da kuma iskar carbon kai tsaye ko kaikaice daga matakai daban-daban kamar sarrafa na'ura, sarrafa samfur, da amfani da samfur.
Bayan samfurin ya shiga matakin amfani da mabukaci, carbon yana daidaitawa gaba ɗaya a cikin samfuran bamboo kamar kayan daki, gine-gine, kayan yau da kullun, samfuran takarda, da sauransu. Yayin da rayuwar sabis ɗin ke ƙaruwa, za a tsawaita aikin sarrafa carbon har sai an zubar da shi. rubewa da sakewa CO2, da komawa cikin yanayi.
Bisa ga binciken da Zhou Pengfei et al. (2014), allunan yankan bamboo a ƙarƙashin yanayin buɗewar bamboo an ɗauke su azaman abin bincike, kuma “Ƙididdigar Ƙimar Ƙimar Gas na Kayayyaki da Sabis na Greenhouse a cikin Rayuwar Rayuwa" (PAS 2050: 2008) an karɓa azaman ma'auni na kimantawa. . Zaɓi hanyar kimantawa ta B2B don ƙididdige fitar da iskar carbon dioxide da kuma ajiyar carbon na duk hanyoyin samarwa, gami da jigilar albarkatun ƙasa, sarrafa samfura, marufi, da ajiyar kaya (duba Hoto 4). PAS2050 ya ba da shawarar cewa ma'aunin sawun carbon ya kamata ya fara daga jigilar albarkatun ƙasa, kuma matakin farko na bayanan iskar carbon da canja wurin carbon daga albarkatun ƙasa, samarwa zuwa rarraba (B2B) na allunan yankan bamboo ya kamata a auna daidai don sanin girman girman. carbon sawun.
Tsarin don auna sawun carbon na samfuran bamboo a duk tsawon rayuwarsu
Tari da auna mahimman bayanai na kowane mataki na yanayin rayuwar bamboo shine ginshiƙi na nazarin yanayin rayuwa. Bayanan asali sun haɗa da zama na ƙasa, amfani da ruwa, amfani da abubuwan dandano daban-daban na makamashi (kwal, man fetur, wutar lantarki, da dai sauransu), amfani da albarkatun kasa daban-daban, da sakamakon kayan aiki da bayanan makamashi. Gudanar da auna sawun carbon na samfuran bamboo a duk tsawon rayuwarsu ta hanyar tattara bayanai da aunawa.
(1) Matakin noman dajin bamboo
Ƙunƙarar carbon da tarawa: tsiro, girma da haɓaka, adadin sabbin harbe-harbe na bamboo;
Adana Carbon: Tsarin gandun daji na bamboo, digiri na bamboo, tsarin shekaru, kwayoyin halitta na gabobin daban-daban; Biomass na zuriyar dabbobi; Ƙasar kwayoyin halitta carbon ajiya;
Fitar da carbon: ajiyar carbon, lokacin lalata, da sakin zuriyar dabbobi; Numfashin ƙasa da iskar carbon; Fitar da carbon da ake samu ta hanyar amfani da makamashi na waje da amfani da kayan aiki kamar aiki, wuta, ruwa da taki don shuka, gudanarwa, da ayyukan kasuwanci.
(2) Matakin samar da albarkatun kasa
Canja wurin Carbon: ƙarar girbi ko ƙarar harbin bamboo da ƙwayoyin halittarsu;
Komawar Carbon: ragowar daga gungume ko harbe-harbe na bamboo, ragowar sarrafa kayan aiki na farko, da kwayoyin halittarsu;
Fitar da Carbon: Yawan iskar carbon da ake samu ta hanyar makamashi na waje da amfani da kayan aiki, kamar aiki da ƙarfi, yayin tattarawa, sarrafa farko, sufuri, adanawa, da yin amfani da harbe-harbe na bamboo ko bamboo.
(3) Matsayin sarrafa samfur da amfani
Keɓancewar Carbon: biomass na samfuran bamboo da samfuran samfuran;
Komawa ko riƙewar carbon: ragowar sarrafawa da ƙwayoyin halitta;
Fitar da Carbon: Fitar da iskar carbon da ake samu ta hanyar amfani da makamashi na waje kamar aiki, wutar lantarki, abubuwan da ake amfani da su, da kuma amfani da kayan aiki yayin sarrafa sarrafa na'ura, sarrafa samfur, da amfani da samfur.
(4) tallace-tallace da matakin amfani
Keɓancewar Carbon: biomass na samfuran bamboo da samfuran samfuran;
Fitar da Carbon: Yawan iskar carbon da ake samarwa ta hanyar amfani da makamashi na waje kamar sufuri da aiki daga kamfanoni zuwa kasuwar tallace-tallace.
(5) Matakin zubarwa
Sakin Carbon: Ajiye Carbon Kayan Sharar gida; Lokacin lalacewa da adadin sakin.
Ba kamar sauran masana'antun gandun daji ba, dazuzzukan bamboo suna samun sabuntawar kansu bayan yin amfani da itacen kimiyar, ba tare da buƙatar sake dazuzzuka ba. Girman gandun daji na bamboo yana cikin ma'auni mai ƙarfi na girma kuma yana iya ci gaba da ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun carbon, tarawa da adana carbon, kuma yana ci gaba da haɓaka rarrabuwar carbon. Adadin albarkatun bamboo da ake amfani da su a cikin kayayyakin bamboo ba su da yawa, kuma ana iya samun dogon lokacin da za a iya samun iskar carbon ta hanyar amfani da kayan bamboo.
A halin yanzu, babu wani bincike kan ma'aunin zagayowar carbon na kayayyakin bamboo a duk tsawon rayuwarsu. Saboda dogon lokacin fitar da iskar carbon yayin tallace-tallace, amfani, da zubar da samfuran bamboo, sawun carbon ɗin su yana da wahalar aunawa. A aikace, ƙididdigar sawun carbon yawanci yana mai da hankali kan matakan biyu: ɗaya shine ƙididdige ajiyar carbon da hayaƙi a cikin tsarin samarwa daga albarkatun ƙasa zuwa samfuran; Na biyu kuma shine kimanta kayan bamboo tun daga shuka har zuwa samarwa
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-17-2024
